The S&P 500 is a stock market index which tracks the performance of the largest publicly traded companies in the United States. It's regarded as one of the best gauges of stock market performance because of its long history and breadth of industries and sectors. From 1970 to 2023, the S&P 500 generated a positive return in 59% of months and 80% of calendar years. 

These attractive odds work wonders for a financial plan and illustrate the importance of discipline and time. The probability of a positive return in the market significantly improves as the holding period lengthens, despite a relatively modest winning percentage on any given day.

The Agony & The Ecstasy

One hard truth about investing is that most investors struggle to make money by dabbling in the stock market. Sure, we’ve all heard the cocktail party stories—whether truth or fiction—about “ten-bagger” success stories, yet the reality is that cherry-picking stocks is hard. Really hard. An under-appreciated reason for this is the shocking number of stocks that don’t perform well over time.  

JP Morgan Asset Management recently updated their study “The Agony & The Ecstasy,” which takes a deep dive into the performance of the US stock market over the past 40 years, from 1980 to 2020. The study found that nearly half the stocks suffered a “catastrophic loss,” defined as a decline of 70% or more and never recovered. Furthermore, another 26% of stocks generated below-market  returns. So roughly eight in ten stocks resulted in sub-par results for investors—a humbling reality. Despite this, the US stock market generated significant wealth overall during this period.

How? A small segment of stocks (10%) did all the heavy-lifting for the market, a segment of stocks which JPMorgan coined the “mega winners.”    

Speaking to the benefits of a systematically managed and diversified portfolio will never be exciting. Investors are often far more interested in speculating on the next great “mega winner,” and in the process, succumb to the allure of "hot" investment themes, driven by the possibility of fast-tracked gains. This behaviour  leads to chasing trends without proper consideration, often resulting in buying high and selling low: a capital destructive cycle. A prime example is the dot-com bubble of the late 1990s, where investors poured money into internet-related companies, driving valuations to unsustainable levels. The subsequent crash wiped out billions in wealth. 

Any shortcuts in investing are riddled with landmines. But the temptations are endless: The Dot Com bubble of the 1990s, the recent frenzy surrounding meme stocks and cryptocurrencies, or the allure of the latest star fund manager like Cathy Wood’s ARKK Innovation Fund1. All hardy reminders of the dangers of too-readily following the hype and over-concentrating your wealth.      

While you can make a huge profit if you pick the right stock, history shows it’s a poorly placed bet where the odds are significantly stacked against you. It’s been said that diversification is the one free lunch in investing. It’s also the most reliable way to establish your edge when achieving your financial goals.